Latest revision as of 08:43, 10 October 2019

This document details the steps needed to get your x164 switch started.

[edit] Preface

The x164 softswitch is based on yate. It can be installed on the servers of the x164 customer or is hosted by x164 in the datacenter. We recommend installing the softswitch as an OpenVZ virtual machine. OpenVZ offers near-bare-metal performance. The advantages of virtualization are easy backups and easy migration to different hardware in case of failures or hardware upgrades. x164 provides a OpenVZ template for download which is a ready-configured softswitch.

[edit] Softswitch installation

[edit] Setup Linux Host for OpenVZ

Use of Debian Squeeze is recommended for its stability, but you can use other Linux distributions as you wish. You can look for the proper option for your machine here. Installation guides are also available for the different supported architectures here. This website offers a screenshot based tutorial that explains how to make a bare-bones installation without a graphical desktop environment. We suggest to create a separate partition /vz to store the virtual machines, as for example in the following scheme.

[edit] Disk partitioning

It is encouraged that you follow the order shown in the table.

Partition	Size	File system	Comments
/boot	500 MB	ext2
swap	~	swap	Size should be the same as RAM
/	20 GB	ext4
/vz	remaining disk space	ext4	OpenVZ virtual machines will be installed in this partition

[edit] Updating and upgrading

After installation run the following commands to ensure you have the latest version of the installed packages:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

.

[edit] Remote SSH access

If you want to work on your server from a remote client, it is recommended to use a Secure Shell (SSH) protocol. Install a SSH server:

apt-get install openssh-server

Now you can open the terminal on your workstation and type the following to log into the server:

ssh root@[Server's IP Address]

Provide the password and continue working remotely.

[edit] Midnight Commander

We recommend using a visual file manager like Midnight Commander (mc) to make working with the command line easier. To install it in your server enter this command:

apt-get install mc
mc

You can find more information about mc in [1]

[edit] Webmin installation

It is recommended that you use Webmin to easily configure your softswitch. Run the following command to avoid dependency issues

apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python

Then you can download Webmin

wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.590_all.deb

and install it

dpkg --install webmin_1.590_all.deb

[edit] OpenVZ Installation

Installation for Debian systems is detailed in this tutorial. You can also refer to the OpenVZ installation guide for Debian and other operating systems.

[edit] Softswitch template installation

To download the softswitch template just run the following command:

wget http://www.x164.com/index.php/download-and-install

and create the softswitch container.

vzctl create [CTID] --ostemplate nameOfTemplate

Once you have created a new [CTID].conf file will appear at /etc/vz/conf. There you can set the VM's IP, gateway and hostname as it fits your network, among other parameters.

This is an example of what the .conf file should look like:

Then you can start your softswitch container:

vzctl start [CTID]

Here you can look up some of the basic operations needed to work with your container.

[edit] Setup softswitch to connect with x164

The softswitch needs to connect to the x164 database to retrieve routing information and to the x164 radius server to send call details records.

We will initiate fake calls from a softphone to test whether everything works correctly.

[edit] Editing register.conf file

To access the x164 database in realtime from your softswitch you must need a secret key that we issue to you. To find your key, log into https://access.x164.com.

Go to the Rating tab and select Gateways in the Action area.

You need to enter the key into the call routines in the softswitch. Go into the /usr/local/etc/yate folder of your installation and open the register.conf file. In this file the string 'hyTnw94^^f' must be substituted by your own secret key for MySQL procedures in yate.

[edit] Setup Firewall on Softswitch

The firewall can be setup comfortably with Webmin:

https://softswitchIP:10000

In the Networking/Linux Firewall subsection, Default Action should be set to Drop. Then a new rule must by added by clicking Add Rule. This new rule must be defined like this

where 11.22.33.55 is the IP of your workstation. The firewall must be opened for all IPs from which you receive VoIP traffic. Now the Linux Firewall menu should look like this:

Press the Apply button to activate the rules.

[edit] Verify yate functionality

You can verify that yate is working in principle. Go to the terminal and log into the softswitch through port 29. Using a port which is not the standard ssh port 22 reduces the chance that some weak password is hacked.

ssh root@[softswitchIP]:29

Then see what is happening on the port that will receive the fake call. The softswitch listens on udp port 5061 and not the standard port 5060.

usr/local/etc/yate ngrep port 5061

Now you can attempt a call from a softphone like Zoiper

After dialing you should see SIP messages going back and forth between the soft phone and yate. As no subscriber is setup in the system the call will of course fail.

[edit] Connection to Radius server

Login into https://access.x164.com and click search in the CDRs tab. The test calls your did should be shown, confirming that the softswitch is connected to the x164 radius server.

[edit] Web Configuration of the x164 Service

To get the x164 system started, you must create some new subscribers and set up a block of DID numbers. Once you have done this you can make a test call to verify the system is working properly.

All the tables you have to use in the following section are listed in the 'Rating' tab of the web application, in the 'Actions' menu.

[edit] Adding subscribers

In this step you will create at least two dynamic or fixed IP subscribers and set a profile and a rate for both of them, so you can later make a test call from one to another. In the following tables the bold fields must be set, the remaining fields may stay empty.

[edit] Adding a dynamic IP customer

Adding a dynamic IP customer implies setting a password for authentication. Insert a new record in Customers following this example:

Reseller	(Automatically generated Id)
Dynamic_ip	1 (Flag for dynamic IP use)
Subscriber	user1@domain.com (Subscriber name)
Password	verysecret (User password)
Profile	PROFCLIENT (Profile name. Links the customer to a profile in the 'Profiles' table)
Blocked	0 (Block subscriber flag)
Pre_location	sip/sip: (Protocol used. Will be added before the called number. Write in lowercase)
Post_location	(Automatically updated IP address after SIP client registers to softswitch)
Expires	(Automatically updated when dynamic IP expires)
Formats	(Optional codec formats separated by comma, g729, ulaw, ...)

[edit] Adding a fixed IP customer

Fixed IP customers are authenticated by their IP address. It is necessary to provide the pre and post location fields in Customers to route incoming DID calls to the user.

Reseller	(Automatically generated Id)
Trusted Peer	11.22.33.44 (Authorized IP address)
Dynamic_ip	0 (Flag for dynamic IP use)
Subscriber	user1@domain.com (Subscriber name)
Profile	PROFCLIENT (Profile name. Links the customer to a profile in the 'Profiles' table)
Subscriber_out	(In case subscriber provides also termination his carrier name must be set to avoid looping calls)
Blocked	0 (Blocked subscriber flag)
Pre_location	sip/sip: (Protocol used. Will be added before the called number. Write in lowercase)
Post_location	@11.22.33.44 (Customer's IP address)
Formats	(Optional codec formats separated by comma, g729, ulaw, ...)

[edit] Linking customer to a profile

Profiles are used by the system to calculate the price of calls, and they are linked to the user by the 'Profile' field.

Reseller	(Automatically generated Id)
Profile	PROFCLIENT (Profile name. Links the customers in the 'Customer' table)
Rate	PROFCLIENT (Link to profile's rates in the 'Rates' table)
Starthourweek	0 (Start hour in the week of this tariff)
Endhourweek	167 (End hour in the week of this tariff)
Penalty	(Optional price added to this tariff)
Timezone	GMT (Timezone, reflects the local time of the tariff)
Incr	1 (Used to consider the duration of the call in increments)
Min_Dur	1 (Minimum duration of the call)
Curr_code	EUR (Currency used in iso format)
Carrier	IN (Role of the subscriber, in this case the caller)

[edit] Linking rates to profiles

Rates include information used to calculate the price of a call and can be linked to several profiles by the 'Rate' field.

Reseller	(automatically generated Id)
Rate	PROFCLIENT (Link to profile in the 'Profiles' table)
Destination	34123 (Destination number to this rate)
Region	(Optional region of this number)
Description	(Optional description of the destination)
App	audio (Application type)
Conn	(Optional, price of the call connection)
Price	50 (Price per minute)
Conn In	(Optional, cost of the call setup)
Price In	(Optional, cost per minute)
Start Date	2008-01-01 (Start time of the rate)
End Date	2022-01-01 (End time of the rate)
Blocked	0 (Blocked rate flag)
Billtime_sum	3000 (Automatically updated billed time of this rate)
Ringtime_sum	0 (Automatically updated ring time)
Setuptime_sum	0 (Automatically updated setup time)
Calls_count	10 (Automatically updated number of calls)
Success_count	10 (Automatically updated number of connected calls)
Acd_short	300 (Automatically updated short-term average call duration)
Acd_avr	300 (Automatically updated long-term average call duration)

[edit] Adding DID subscribers

Now that you have some customers you can make one of them a DID subscriber. First you have to create a DID profile and set up a block of DID numbers. For this example we are going to define the block as '34123xxxxxx' and link the number '34123456112' to the subscriber 'user2@domain.com'.

[edit] Adding a DID profile

Make a new entry in Profiles. The difference between a DID and a regular profile is in the 'Carrier' field, which in this case must be 'DIDRANGE'. 'DIDRANGE' tells the softswitch to route incoming calls to numbers within the DID number blocks only to subscribers:

Reseller	(Automatically generated Id)
Profile	DID_OURS (Profile name. Links the customers in the 'Customer' table)
Rate	DID_OURS (Link to profile's rates in the 'Rates' table)
Starthourweek	0 (Start hour in the week of this tariff)
Endhourweek	167 (End hour in the week of this tariff)
Penalty	(Optional price added to this tariff)
Timezone	GMT (Timezone, reflects the local time of the tariff)
Incr	1 (Used to consider the duration of the call in increments)
Min_Dur	1 (Minimum duration of the call)
Curr_code	EUR (Currency used in iso format)
Carrier	DIDRANGE (Role of the subscriber, in this case the caller)

[edit] Setting up a block of DID numbers in Rates table

You have to make an entry in Rates. The block of DID numbers is specified in the 'Destination' field.

Reseller	(automatically generated Id)
Rate	DID_OURS (Link to profile in the 'Profiles' table)
Destination	34123 (Destination number to this rate. In this case this is the range of own numbers)
Region	(Optional region of this number)
Description	(Optional description of the destination)
App	audio (Application type)
Conn	(Optional, price of the call connection)
Price	0 (Price per minute)
Conn In	(Optional, cost of the call setup)
Price In	(Optional, cost per minute)
Start Date	2008-01-01 (Start time of the rate)
End Date	2022-01-01 (End time of the rate)
Blocked	0 (Blocked rate flag)
Billtime_sum	3000 (Automatically updated billed time of this rate)
Ringtime_sum	0 (Automatically updated ring time)
Setuptime_sum	0 (Automatically updated setup time)
Calls_count	10 (Automatically updated number of calls)
Success_count	10 (Automatically updated number of connected calls)
Acd_short	300 (Automatically updated short-term average call duration)
Acd_avr	300 (Automatically updated long-term average call duration)

[edit] Linking a DID number to a client

Now link one of the numbers included in your DID range to one of your customers in the the DIDclients table.

Reseller	(Automatically generated Id of reseller)
DID_number	34123456112 (Number of the client)
DID_subscriber	user2@domain.com (Subscriber who owns number)

[edit] Make a test call

Now that the subscribers and DID clients are included in the database, you can make a call from one customer to another. Just make sure both are registered to the x164 system through a softphone or an analog phone with an ATA. In the following image you can see an example of account configuration for registering with Zoiper:

[edit] Setting up carriers

Now we are going to set up a carrier and send a test call from a previously defined customer to one of the carrier's numbers. Carriers are linked to profiles and rates in the same way as customers.

[edit] Adding a carrier

Enter the carrier's name, its location and a new profile in 'Carriers':

Reseller	(Automatically generated ID)
Carrier_name	carrier.com or 22.33.44.55 (Carrier's name used as billing party in the rate process)
Profile	PROFCARRIER (Profile name. Links the carrier to a profile)
Blocked	0 (Blocked carrier flag)'
Pre_location	sip/sip: (Protocol used. Will be added before the called number. Write in lowercase)
Post_location	@carrier.com or 22.33.44.55 (Carrier's URL or IP)
Line	(Optional section identifier from accfile.conf, this can be used instead of pre-location + post-location)
Formats	(Optional codec formats separated by comma, g729, ulaw...)

[edit] Linking the carrier to a profile

Carrier profiles are also set in the 'Profiles' table. They difference with customer and DID profiles is in the 'Carrier' field:

Reseller	(Automatically generated Id)
Profile	PROFCARRIER (Profile name. Links the carrier in the 'Carriers' table)
Rate	PROFCARRIER (Link to profile's rates in the 'Rates' table)
Starthourweek	0 (Start hour in the week of this tariff)
Endhourweek	167 (End hour in the week of this tariff)
Penalty	(Optional price added to this tariff)
Timezone	GMT (Timezone, reflects the local time of the tariff)
Incr	1 (Used to consider the duration of the call in increments)
Min_Dur	1 (Minimum duration of the call)
Curr_code	EUR (Currency used in iso format)
Carrier	CARRIER (Role of the subscriber, in this case a carrier)

[edit] Linking the profile to a rate

Finally go to 'Rates' and make an entry defining the range of numbers that have to be sent to this carrier. In this case we arbitrarily chose the range '341234561xx'.

Reseller	(automatically generated Id)
Rate	PROFCARRIER (Link to profile in the 'Profiles' table)
Destination	341234561xx (Destination numbers to this rate)
Region	(Optional region of this number)
Description	(Optional description of the destination)
App	audio (Application type)
Conn	(Optional, price of the call connection)
Price	1 (Price per minute)
Conn In	(Optional, cost of the call setup)
Price In	(Optional, cost per minute)
Start Date	2008-01-01 (Start time of the rate)
End Date	2022-01-01 (End time of the rate)
Blocked	0 (Blocked rate flag)
Billtime_sum	3000 (Automatically updated billed time of this rate)
Ringtime_sum	3000 (Automatically updated ring time)
Setuptime_sum	3000 (Automatically updated setup time)
Calls_count	10 (Automatically updated number of calls)
Success_count	10 (Automatically updated number of connected calls)
Acd_short	300 (Automatically updated short-term average call duration)
Acd_avr	300 (Automatically updated long-term average call duration)

[edit] Make a test call to the carrier

To ensure everything has been set up properly, make a call from one of your customers to a carrier's number and verify the call is properly sent.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 This document details the steps needed to get your x164 switch started.
 =Preface=
-The x164 softswitch is based on yate. The softswitch can be installed on the servers of the x164 customer or is hosted by x164 in the datacenter.
+The x164 softswitch is based on yate. It can be installed on the servers of the x164 customer or is hosted by x164 in the datacenter. We recommend installing the softswitch as an OpenVZ virtual machine. OpenVZ offers near-bare-metal performance. The advantages of virtualization are easy backups and easy migration to different hardware in case of failures or hardware upgrades. x164 provides a OpenVZ template for download which is a ready-configured softswitch.
-We recommend to install the softswitch as a OpenVZ virtual machine. OpenVZ offers near-bare-metal performance. The advantages of virtualization are easy backups and easy migration to different hardware in case of failures or hardware upgrades. x164 provides a OpenVZ template for download which is a ready-configured softswitch.
 =Softswitch installation=
@@ Line 41: / Line 40: @@
 | ext4
 | OpenVZ virtual machines will be installed in this partition
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Updating and upgrading===
@@ Line 49: / Line 48: @@
   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get upgrade
+.
 ===Remote SSH access===
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 ===Midnight Commander===
-We recommend using a visual file manager like Midnight Commander (mc) to make working with the command line easier. To install it in your server enter this command:
+We recommend using a visual file manager like Midnight Commander (mc) to make working with the command line easier.
+To install it in your server enter this command:
   apt-get install mc
@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 ===Webmin installation===
-It is recommended that you use [http://www.webmin.com/ Webmin] to easily configure your softswitch. Run the following command to avoid dependency issues
+It is recommended that you use [http://www.webmin.com/ Webmin] to easily configure your softswitch.
+Run the following command to avoid dependency issues
   apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python
@@ Line 87: / Line 90: @@
 ===OpenVZ Installation===
-Installation for Debian systems is detailed in this [http://www.howtoforge.com/installing-and-using-openvz-on-debian-squeeze-amd64 tutorial]. You can also refer to the OpenVZ installation guide  for [http://wiki.openvz.org/Installation_on_Debian Debian] and [http://wiki.openvz.org/Quick_installation other operating systems].
+Installation for Debian systems is detailed in this [http://www.howtoforge.com/installing-and-using-openvz-on-debian-squeeze-amd64 tutorial].
+You can also refer to the OpenVZ installation guide  for [http://wiki.openvz.org/Installation_on_Debian Debian] and [http://wiki.openvz.org/Quick_installation other operating systems].
 ==Softswitch template installation==
@@ Line 99: / Line 103: @@
   vzctl create [CTID] --ostemplate nameOfTemplate
-Once you have created a new '''[CTID].conf''' file will appear at '''/etc/vz/conf'''. There you can set the VM's IP, gateway and hostname as it fits your network, among other parameters. This is an example of what the .conf file should look like:
+Once you have created a new '''[CTID].conf''' file will appear at '''/etc/vz/conf'''. There you can set the VM's IP, gateway and hostname as it fits your network, among other parameters.
+This is an example of what the .conf file should look like:
 [[File:IDConf.png|center|500x500px]]
@@ Line 111: / Line 117: @@
 ==Setup softswitch to connect with x164==
-The softswitch needs to connect to the x164 database to retrieve routing information and to the x164 radius server to send call details records. We will initiate fake calls from a softphone to test whether everything works correctly.
+The softswitch needs to connect to the x164 database to retrieve routing information and to the x164 radius server to send call details records.
+We will initiate fake calls from a softphone to test whether everything works correctly.
 ===Editing register.conf file===
-To access the x164 database in realtime from your softswitch you must need a secret key that we issue to you. To find your key, log into https://access.x164.com. Go to the '''Rating''' tab and select '''Gateways''' in the '''Action''' area.
+To access the x164 database in realtime from your softswitch you must need a secret key that we issue to you. To find your key, log into https://access.x164.com.
+Go to the '''Rating''' tab and select '''Gateways''' in the '''Action''' area.
 [[File:GatewaySecretKey.png|500x500px|center]]
-You need to enter the key into the call routines in the softswitch. Go into the '''/usr/local/etc/yate''' folder of your installation and open the '''register.conf''' file. In this file the string ''''hyTnw94^^f'''' must be substituted by your own secret key for MySQL procedures in yate.
+You need to enter the key into the call routines in the softswitch. Go into the '''/usr/local/etc/yate''' folder of your installation and open the '''register.conf''' file.
+In this file the string ''''hyTnw94^^f'''' must be substituted by your own secret key for MySQL procedures in yate.
 [[File:yate-registerFileEditing.png|500x500px|center]]
@@ Line 149: / Line 160: @@
   usr/local/etc/yate ngrep port 5061
-Now you can attempt a call from a softphone [http://www.zoiper.com/ Zoiper]
+Now you can attempt a call from a softphone like [http://www.zoiper.com/ Zoiper]
 [[File:FakeCall.png|200x200px|center]]
@@ Line 173: / Line 184: @@
 ===Adding a dynamic IP customer===
-Adding a dynamic IP customer implies setting a password for authentication:
+Adding a dynamic IP customer implies setting a password for authentication. Insert a new record in [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#Customers_table Customers] following this example:
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 195: / Line 206: @@
 |-
 |Formats || ''(Optional codec formats separated by comma, g729, ulaw, ...)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Adding a fixed IP customer===
-For fixed IP customers authentication is based on their IP address, so there is no need to provide a password. Also it's necessary to provide the post location field so their calls can be routed by the x164 system.
+Fixed IP customers are authenticated by their IP address. It is necessary to provide the pre and post location fields in [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#Customers_table Customers] to route incoming DID calls to the user.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 221: / Line 232: @@
 |-
 |Formats || ''(Optional codec formats separated by comma, g729, ulaw, ...)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Linking customer to a profile===
-Next step is adding a profile, which is used by the system to calculate the price of calls. Profiles and customers are linked by the 'Profile' field. Select [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Dokumentation#Profiles_table 'Profiles'] in the 'Action' area and add a new one:
+[http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Dokumentation#Profiles_table Profiles] are used by the system to calculate the price of calls, and they are linked to the user by the 'Profile' field.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 249: / Line 260: @@
 |-
 |Carrier || '''IN''' ''(Role of the subscriber, in this case the caller)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Linking rates to profiles===
-The final step of creating a subscriber is adding a rate. Rates include information used to calculate the price of a call and can be linked to several profiles by the 'Rate' field. Go to [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Dokumentation#Rates_table 'Rates'] in the 'Action' area and make a new entry:
+[http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Dokumentation#Rates_table Rates] include information used to calculate the price of a call and can be linked to several profiles by the 'Rate' field.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 270: / Line 281: @@
 |Conn || ''(Optional, price of the call connection)''
 |-
-|Price || '''1''' ''(Price per minute)''
+|Price || '''50''' ''(Price per minute)''
 |-
 |Conn In || ''(Optional, cost of the call setup)''
@@ Line 295: / Line 306: @@
 |-
 |Acd_avr || '''300''' ''(Automatically updated long-term average call duration)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
-<br/>
 ==Adding DID subscribers==
-<br/>
-Now that you have created some customers you can make one of them a DID subscriber. In order to do this first you have to create a DID profile and set up a block of DID numbers. In this case we are going to define the block as '34123xxxxxx' and link the number '34123456112' to the subscriber 'user2@domain.com'.
+Now that you have some customers you can make one of them a DID subscriber. First you have to create a DID profile and set up a block of DID numbers. For this example we are going to define the block as '34123xxxxxx' and link the number '34123456112' to the subscriber 'user2@domain.com'.
-<br/>
 ===Adding a DID profile===
-<br/>
-Make a new entry in the 'Profiles' table. The difference between a DID and a regular profile is in the 'Carrier' field, which in this case must be 'DIDRANGE'. 'DIDRANGE' tells the softswitch to route incoming calls to numbers within the DID number blocks only to subscribers:
+Make a new entry in [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#Profiles_table Profiles]. The difference between a DID and a regular profile is in the 'Carrier' field, which in this case must be 'DIDRANGE'. 'DIDRANGE' tells the softswitch to route incoming calls to numbers within the DID number blocks only to subscribers:
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 327: / Line 338: @@
 |-
 |Carrier || '''DIDRANGE''' ''(Role of the subscriber, in this case the caller)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Setting up a block of DID numbers in Rates table===
-Add a rate in the 'Rates' table. This must be linked to the DID profile you have created, so you can specify the range of your DID numbers in the 'Destination' field.
+You have to make an entry in [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#Rates_table Rates]. The block of DID numbers is specified in the 'Destination' field.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 373: / Line 384: @@
 |-
 |Acd_avr || '''300''' ''(Automatically updated long-term average call duration)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
-===Linking a DID to a client===
-You must now link one of the numbers included in your DID range to one of your customers. To do so, go to the 'DIDclients' table in the 'Rating' tab and make an entry:
+===Linking a DID number to a client===
+Now link one of the numbers included in your DID range to one of your customers in the the [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#DIDclients_table DIDclients] table.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
 |Reseller || ''(Automatically generated Id of reseller)''
@@ Line 385: / Line 395: @@
 |-
 |DID_subscriber || '''user2@domain.com''' ''(Subscriber who owns number)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Make a test call===
@@ Line 395: / Line 405: @@
 ==Setting up carriers==
-Next you can add a carrier and send it calls. First you have to make a carrier record in the 'Carriers' table. Then you have to link it to a profile and a rate. Finally you can make a test call from a previously defined customer to one of the carrier's numbers.
+Now we are going to set up a carrier and send a test call from a previously defined customer to one of the carrier's numbers. Carriers are linked to profiles and rates in the same way as customers.
 ===Adding a carrier===
-Go to the [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#Carriers_table 'Carriers'] table. Enter the carrier's name, its location and a new profile.
+Enter the carrier's name, its location and a new profile in [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Documentation#Carriers_table 'Carriers']:
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 417: / Line 427: @@
 |-
 |Formats || ''(Optional codec formats separated by comma, g729, ulaw...)
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Linking the carrier to a profile===
-Add a carrier profile to the [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Dokumentation#Profiles_table 'Profiles'] table:
+Carrier profiles are also set in the [http://wiki.x164.com/index.php/Dokumentation#Profiles_table 'Profiles'] table. They difference with customer and DID profiles is in the 'Carrier' field:
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
@@ Line 445: / Line 455: @@
 |-
 |Carrier || '''CARRIER''' ''(Role of the subscriber, in this case a carrier)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Linking the profile to a rate===
@@ Line 491: / Line 501: @@
 |-
 |Acd_avr || '''300''' ''(Automatically updated long-term average call duration)''
-|}
+|} <br/>
 ===Make a test call to the carrier===
-To ensure everything has been set up properly, you can make a call from one of your customers to a carrier's number and verify the call is properly sent.
+To ensure everything has been set up properly, make a call from one of your customers to a carrier's number and verify the call is properly sent.

Quickstart